Muhammadu Buhari: From Military Strongman to Nigeria’s Democratically Elected President
Muhammadu Buhari, born on December 17, 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, remains one of Nigeria’s most influential and controversial political figures. His journey from a disciplined military officer to a twice-elected president encapsulates decades of Nigeria’s complex political evolution.
Early Life and Military Rise
Hailing from a modest family in northern Nigeria, Buhari’s early years shaped his austere and disciplined character. In 1962, he enlisted in the Nigerian Army during a time of national upheaval. His military training at the Nigerian Military Training College and further advanced education at the U.S. Army War College equipped him with strategic and leadership skills. Buhari played an instrumental role during the 1966 counter-coup and served as a frontline commander throughout the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970).
His rise continued through military ranks as he was appointed military governor of the North-Eastern State and later Borno State during the 1970s, placing him at the helm of significant regional governance.
Military Head of State and War Against Indiscipline
In December 1983, Buhari seized power through a military coup, overthrowing the civilian government of President Shehu Shagari. His regime, which lasted 20 months, became widely known for its “War Against Indiscipline,” a campaign aimed at stamping out corruption, laziness, and social vices while promoting civic responsibility and national order.
However, Buhari’s rule was marked by a stringent authoritarian style—marked by the detention of political opponents and severe restrictions on press freedom—prompting widespread criticism. His tenure ended when he was ousted in a 1985 coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida.
Political Resurrection and Democratic Presidency
After years away from the limelight, Buhari returned to the political arena in the early 2000s. Despite unsuccessful bids for president in 2003, 2007, and 2011, his persistence bore fruit in 2015. As the candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Buhari defeated incumbent Goodluck Jonathan in a landmark election, marking the first democratic transition of power between rival parties in Nigeria’s history.
His presidency, spanning 2015 to 2023, focused on anti-corruption, national security, and economic revival. Buhari’s administration invested in infrastructure projects, such as road and rail networks, and introduced social welfare initiatives aimed at reducing poverty. His anti-corruption crusade led to several high-profile probes, though critics accused his government of selective justice.
Despite efforts, Buhari’s tenure was marred by persistent security threats, especially from Boko Haram insurgents, and economic challenges, including a recession. Additionally, his frequent medical trips abroad, including a notably extended 104-day stay in the UK in 2017, stirred public debates about his health and governance.
Legacy: Revered and Reviled
Buhari’s legacy is complex and deeply polarizing. Supporters laud his incorruptible image, military discipline, and commitment to Nigeria’s unity, noting his ability to secure over 12 million votes consistently in national elections. Former Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Boss Mustapha, commended Buhari’s emphasis on strengthening institutions rather than personal aggrandizement.
Conversely, detractors highlight the economic difficulties endured under his watch, human rights concerns, and accusations that his policies disproportionately favored northern Nigeria. The debate over Buhari’s impact on the nation continues to shape Nigerian political discourse.
Personal Life and Final Chapter
Married to Aisha Buhari, with whom he had children, Muhammadu Buhari was known for a modest and private lifestyle away from the political spotlight. On July 13, 2025, reports surfaced of Buhari receiving medical treatment in the United Kingdom following routine health checks. Despite official statements dismissing claims of critical illness, his passing at the age of 82 marked the close of a significant chapter in Nigeria’s history.
Buhari’s life story embodies the challenges and contradictions of governing a diverse and dynamic nation. His dual legacy as both a military strongman and a democratically elected leader will remain a subject of reflection and debate for years to come.
